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Mihok, S., Moloo, S.K., Oden'y, J.O., Brett, R.A., Rakwar, J.G., Munyoki, E., Kiilu, J. & Kyorku, C.A. (1996) Attractiveness of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) to tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) (Diptera: Glossinidae) and other biting flies. Bulletin of Entomological Research 86, 33-41.
During translocations of black rhinoceros (D. bicornis) in Kenya, the authors studied the relationships between the rhinoceros and biting flies. In trapping experiments, rhinoceros waste products (urine or dung) were substituted for known attractants such as cow urine, 1-octen-3-ol or acetone. Catches of Glossina pallidipes, G. longipennis, Stomoxys spp., and Haematopota spp. were not affected by these substitutions. NG2G and Vavoua traps sited near captive animals caught similar numbers and kinds of flies as traps set without animals. Any minor attractive properties of rhinoceros odours were probably due to the presence of known attractants such as 4-cresol and 3-n-propylphenol, which were confirmed to be present through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. In feeding trials with laboratory-reared tsetse, G. brevipalpis and G. morsitans centralis fed well on immobilized animals, whereas G. longipennis fed reluctantly. Catches of G. brevipalpis were doubled in one trapping experiment when rhinoceros urine was used as odour bait. Philoliche spp., Haematopota spp. and other Tabanidae fed on captive rhinoceroses. Many species of Stomoxyinae were associated with rhinoceroses. Of these, the most frequent association was with Rhinomusca dutoiti, a species found previously only in South Africa. R. dutoiti was found in 2 highland rhinoceros sanctuaries, Nairobi National Park and Solio Ranch Game Reserve.
Black Rhino 19kBlack Rhino, Solio Ranch Game Reserve

This reserve in the highlands near the Aberdares is the only area in Kenya where one can still see large clouds of flies on rhino. Many of these flies are the unusual species Rhinomusca.
R. dutoiti F 17kRhinomusca dutoiti
Female, Nairobi Park

This fly is found only in areas with rhinoceros. In the 1960's, another species (R. brucei) was abundant in Tsavo National Park. With the decline of rhinoceroses due to poaching, R. brucei seems to have disappeared from Kenya.