Mihok, S., Munyoki, E., Brett, R.A., Jonyo, J.F., Röttcher, D., Majiwa, P.A.O., Kang'ethe, E.K., Kaburia, H.F.A. & Zweygarth, E. (1992) Trypanosomiasis and the conservation of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) at the Ngulia Rhino Sanctuary, Tsavo West National Park, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 30, 103-115.

Tsetse populations and trypanosome infections were monitored at the Ngulia Rhino Sanctuary, Kenya, to assess the impact of trypanosomiasis on rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). High densities of Glossina pallidipes were found near a permanent spring by the Ngulia escarpment; G. longipennis and G. brevipalpis were also present in lower numbers. Infection rates in G. pallidipes averaged 3.6%, with 3 times as many T. vivax as T. congolense infections. T. simiae and T. brucei were present at low frequency. None of the 7 G. brevipalpis dissected was infected. DNA probes revealed that all mature T. congolense infections belonged to the Savanna subgroup. G. pallidipes fed on many hosts, with most meals taken from bovids and elephants. Rhino accounted for one of the blood meals in a small sample taken from G. longipennis. During a time of low tsetse densities (dry season), we estimated that the wild host population was acquiring seven infections per km2 per day. At lower levels of challenge, an experimental rhino became infected with T. congolense. These results are discussed in terms of future plans for the repopulation of rhino in tsetse-infested areas in Kenya.