frontalis

**Hybomitra frontalis**				Reference
Relatively few individuals of this northern species have been captured to date. It is the dominant horse fly throughout much of the northern boreal zone of Canada and Alaska, but is less common in the south. It is a major pest of humans and animals (Teskey, 1990).
Summary Statistics for ALL trap and bait combinations Interpret relative to approximate number of traps used each year
Year	First Capture	Last Capture	Flight Season (days)	Daily Max Catch	Date of Max Catch	Total Catch Female
2001 - 1	27 Jun			2	27 Jun	2
2002 - 2	4 Jul	3 Aug	31	2	9 Jul	12
2003 - 5	25 Jun	14 Jul	20	2	5 Jul	10
2004 - 7	13 Jun	4 Aug	53	2	18 Jun	7
2005 - 10	21 Jun to 7 Jul	18 Jul		1		11
2006 - 7	22 Jun	28 Jul	37	1		5
2007 - 9	6 Jun	11 Aug	67	1		7
2008 ~ 2	21 Jun	30 Aug	71	1		2
Biology notes pending H. frontalis is an autogenous species, producing eggs before taking a blood meal (Leprince, 1989). Catches of H. frontalis in canopy traps were increased 2.6 times with carbon dioxide (Leprince, 1989).
*Hybomitra frontalis* Baribeau, L. & Maire, A. (1983) Abundance and seasonal distribution of Tabanidae in a temperate and in a subarctic locality of Qu�bec. Mosquito News 43, 135-143. Bracken, G.K., Hanec, W. & Thorsteinson, A.J. (1962) The orientation of horse flies and deer flies (Tabanidae: Diptera) II. The role of some visual factors in the attractiveness of decoy silhouettes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 40, 685-695. Cameron, A.E. (1926) Bionomics of the Tabanidae (Diptera) of the Canadian Prairie. Bulletin of Entomological Research 17, 1-42. Gooding, R.H., Rolseth, B.M. & Thomas, A.W. (1977) Digestive processes of hematophagous insects X. Effects of mammalian sera upon two trypsins from female horse flies and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 14, 23-28. Hanec, W. & Bracken, G.K. (1964) Seasonal and geographical distribution of Tabanidae (Diptera) in Manitoba, based on females captured in traps. Canadian Entomologist 96, 1362-1369. James, H.G. (1952) Natural control of Tabanidae (Diptera) in the region of Churchill, Manitoba. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 82, 70-74. LaSalle, M.W. & Bishop, T.D. (1987) Seasonal abundance of aquatic Diptera in two oligohaline tidal marshes in Mississippi. Estuaries 10, 303-315. Leprince, D.J. (1989) Gonotrophic status, sperm presence and sugar feeding patterns in southwestern Quebec tabanid (Diptera) populations. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 5, 383-386. Leprince, D.J. & Maire, A. (1990) Parity, stage of follicular development, and sperm presence in hemiarctic host-seeking Hybomitra populations (Diptera: Tabanidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 27, 835-838. Lewis, D.J. & Bennett, G.F. (1977) Biting flies of the eastern maritime provinces of Canada. I. Tabanidae. Canadian Journal of Zoology 55, 1493-1503. Maire, A. (1984) The Tabanidae (Diptera) at the northern forest limit (maritime domain of Nouveau-Quebec). Canadian Entomologist 116, 227-233. McAlpine, J.F. (1961) Variation, distribution and evolution of the Tabanus (Hybomitra) frontalis complex of horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). Canadian Entomologist 93, 894-925. McCreadie, J.W. & Colbo, M.H. (1985) Notes on the Tabanidae (Diptera) of western Labrador. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 1, 324-327. McElligott, P.E.K. & Galloway, T.D. (1991a) Seasonal distribution and parity of host-seeking horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) from a pasture near Seven Sisters, Manitoba. Canadian Entomologist 123, 361-370. McElligott, P.E.K. & Galloway, T.D. (1991b) Daily activity patterns of host-seeking horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae: Hybomitra spp.) in northern and southern Manitoba. Canadian Entomologist 123, 371-378. McElligott, P.E.K. & Lewis, D.J. (1998) Seasonal changes in abundance and gonatrophic age of host-seeking Tabanidae (Diptera) from a subarctic Labrador peatland. Journal of Medical Entomology 35, 763-770. Miller, L.A. (1951) Observations on the bionomics of some northern species of Tabanidae (Diptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology 29, 240-263. Ralley, W.E., Galloway, T.D. & Crow, G.H. (1993) Individual and group behaviour of pastured cattle in response to attack by biting flies. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, 725-734. Strickler, J.D. & Walker, E.D. (1993) Seasonal abundance and species diversity of adult Tabanidae (Diptera) at Lake Lansing Park-North, Michigan. Great Lakes Entomologist 26, 107-112. Teskey, H.J. (1960) Survey of insects affecting livestock in southwestern Ontario. Canadian Entomologist 92, 531-544. Thomas, A.W. (1970) Seasonal occurrence and relative abundance of Tabanidae (Diptera) in three localities in Alberta. Quaestiones entomologicae 6, 293-301. Thomas, A.W. (1972) Physiological age structure of adult tabanid populations (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Alberta, Canada. Journal of Medical Entomology 9, 295-300. Thomas, A.W. (1973) Follicle developmental stages in blood-seeking horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Alberta, Canada. Journal of Medical Entomology 10, 325-328. Thomas, A.W. & Gooding, R.H. (1976) Digestive processes of hematophagous insects VIII. Estimation of meal size and demonstration of trypsin in horse flies and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 13, 131-136. Thomas, A.W., Rolseth, B.M. & Gooding, R.H. (1976) Digestive processes of hematophagous insects. IX. Some properties of two trypsins from female horse flies and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 13, 341-346.