Experimental

Experiments with Fabrics Swatches are provided below of the blue fabrics tested in the Nzi trap development work published in Mihok (2002). Numerical Codes are from Appendix 1, which is reproduced here. Scans are at 150 pixels per inch, with each block at 100 x 75 pixels. Fabrics used in early experiments are provided in Other Colours. Fabrics used in recent, unpublished work of interest to colleagues are provided in Ongoing Research. All of the blue polyester fabrics were developed by Vestergaard Frandsen A/S, Denmark. Some of these were used for large-scale production of tsetse traps in the 1990's (especially in Uganda). Note that tsetse trap fabrics sold by Vestergaard Frandsen A/S after about 1998 are not the same as the fabrics coded as 24 and 23 below. Numerous changes have occurred in these products in recent years. Recent history is documented in Blue Fabrics. Spectral Reflectance Data and Graphs for the blue fabrics can be downloaded in EXCEL (792k). Further spectra of other blue fabrics are provided in the section on Blue Fabrics.
	1a, Light-weight "Jinja" Cotton Phthalogen Blue Mt. Kenya Textiles, Nanyuki, Kenya - November 1993 Standard used for experiments 1-22; typical fabric used in traps for Glossina pallidipes in East Africa in the 1980's and 1990's
	1b, Light-weight "Jinja" Cotton Phthalogen Blue Mt. Kenya Textiles, Nanyuki, Kenya - December 1995 Standard used in experiment 23, darker dye lot than 1a
	26, Heavy-weight drill, Cotton Phthalogen Blue Awassa Textile Factory, Awassa, Ethiopia - December 1995 Opaque fabric tested as an alternative to "Jinja" cotton in experiment 23; improved catches for many species Adopted as a standard for worldwide trials of Nzi trap performance
	24, Light-weight Matt Blue Polyester (100% texturised yarn) "Pongee 2" VF #10 - December 1995 Code T7841005 Equivalent to "Jinja" cotton in experiment 23 for Glossina pallidipes, Glossina longipennis, Tabanidae (Atylotus agrestis) and Non-biting Muscidae; no useful data collected for Stomoxys spp. Adopted as a standard for worldwide trials of Nzi trap performance
	23, Light-weight Matt Royal Blue Polyester (100% texturised) "Pongee 1" VF #11 - December 1995 Code T7841006 Equivalent to "Jinja" cotton in experiment 23 for species noted above; nearly identical performance to "Pongee 2"
	18, Light-weight Texturised Blue Polyester (50% texturised) "Art Con" - October 1995 Greatly-reduced catches of Glossina pallidipes and Glossina brevipalpis in experiment 20 relative to "Jinja" cotton
	19, Light-weight Texturised Blue Polyester (50% texturised) "Art Sed" - October 1995 Greatly-reduced catches of Glossina pallidipes and Glossina brevipalpis in experiment 20 relative to "Jinja" cotton
	17, Light-weight Shiny Royal Blue Polyester "Lucky Uganda" - October 1995 Greatly-reduced catches of Glossina pallidipes and Glossina brevipalpis in experiment 20 relative to "Jinja" cotton
	16, Light-weight Shiny Blue Polyester "Brilliant Blue 589" - March 1995 Equivalent to "Jinja" cotton in experiment 15 for Stomoxys; reduced trap efficiency for Glossina pallidipes (unpublished data)

Experiments with Other Colours Swatches (75 x 75 pixels, 150 pixels per inch) are provided below for fabrics substituted for the blue wings or the black body in trials with the triangular trap illustrated on the left. Except for inconsistent trends for improved catches with red in a fusca tsetse Glossina longipennis, other colours did not improve catches relative to blue + black. Turquoise may be an exception, but it was not tested extensively.
Substitutions for the Wing or Body
Dark Red 3	Bright Red 4	Dark Bluish Purple 5	Dark Reddish Purple 6	Dark Reddish Purple 7	Dark Green 8
Bright Turquoise 9	Bright Violet 10	Dark Bluish Purple 11	Bright Turquoise 12	Light Green 13	Medium Red 15
Unattractive Colours and Patterns Swatches (150 x 150 pixels,150 pixels per inch) are provided below of fabrics that are presumed to be unattractive to tsetse and biting flies. These were attached to the outer back surfaces of Nzi traps in Experiments 21 & 22 to encourage flies to enter through the trap entrance, rather than to simply land on outside surfaces. This strategy did not achieve the desired result. Catches were simply reduced when the outer attractiveness of the trap was reduced.
Canary Yellow 20		Zebra Stripes 21		Black / White Stripes 22

Ongoing Experiments The fabrics below were used in collaborative trials around the world targeting various tsetse and biting flies. The trials focused on the performance of Nzi traps made from either Ethiopian Phthalogen Blue cotton drill or VF Pongee 2 polyester relative to "standard" fly traps used by researchers in different countries.
	Phthalogen Cotton Drill used in most unpublished Nzi trials, same as 26 Awassa Textile Factory, Ethiopia
	Phthalogen Cotton Drill used in a few unpublished Nzi trials, weathering trials, same as 26 Awassa Textile Factory, Ethiopia
	Phthalogen Cotton Drill used in a few unpublished Nzi trials & experiments, "Royal Blue" versus "Phthlaogen Blue" as in 26 Awassa Textile Factory, Ethiopia
	Phthalogen Cotton Drill used in unpublished African trials & experiments in Canada, Darker than 26 Mount Kenya Textiles, Kenya
	VF Polyester #10, New lot of "VF Pongee 2", used in unpublished Nzi trials, same as 24 (March 1996)
	VF Polyester #15, opaque "Phthalogen" version of former "VF Pongee 2" Code ART RTM 11470 (January, 1997)
	VF Polyester #10, slightly heavier-weight, colour-adjusted "Phthalogen" version of former "VF Pongee 2" (January, 1997)